monopoly (game)

 

  • Designers: Lizzie Magie,[1][2] Charles Darrow; Publishers: Hasbro, Parker Brothers, Waddingtons, Winning Moves, Funskool; Publication: 1935; 88 years ago; Genres: Board game;
    Players: Minimum of 2, maximum of however many tokens are provided in the box (in modern copies, this is usually 8); Setup time: 2–5 minutes; Playing time: 180-2000 minutes; Chance: High (dice rolling, card drawing); Age range: 8+; Skills:
    Negotiation, Resource management, Financial management, Strategy History Early history[edit] Lizzie Magie’s 1904 board design The history of Monopoly can be traced back to 1903,[1] when American anti-monopolist Lizzie Magie created a game
    that she hoped would explain the single-tax theory of Henry George.

  • [57][58] The success of the first Here and Now editions prompted Hasbro US to allow online voting for twenty-six landmark properties across the United States to take their
    places along the game-board.

  • [90] This new campaign was different from the one in 1998, as the least-popular existing piece would be retired and replaced with a new one.

  • [4] The Landlord’s Game originally had two sets of rules, one with tax and another on which the current rules are mainly based.

  • In addition, $1,000 denomination notes (first seen in Winning Moves’ Monopoly: The Card Game) are included.

  • [12] U.S. patent number US 2026082 A was issued to Charles Darrow on December 31, 1935, for the game board design and was assigned to Parker Brothers Inc.[13] The original
    version of the game in this format was based on the streets of Atlantic City, New Jersey.

  • One such site has created a $1,000 bill; while a $1,000 bill can be found in Monopoly: The Mega Edition and Monopoly: The Card Game, both published by Winning Moves Games,
    this note is not a standard denomination for classic versions of Monopoly.

  • Game play is further changed with bus tickets (allowing non-dice-roll movement along one side of the board), a speed die (itself adopted into variants of the Atlantic City
    standard edition; see below), skyscrapers (after houses and hotels), and train depots that can be placed on the Railroad spaces.

  • In a similar fashion, Parker Brothers sent over a copy of Monopoly to Waddingtons early in 1935 before the game had been put into production in the United States.

  • [22] A new wave of licensed products began in 1994, when Hasbro granted a license to USAopoly to begin publishing a San Diego Edition of Monopoly,[20][23] which has since
    been followed by more than a hundred more licensees including Winning Moves Games (since 1995)[24] and Winning Solutions, Inc. (since 2000) in the United States.

  • In addition, a player now gets $50 instead of $45 for sale of stock, and the Advance to Illinois Avenue card now has the added text indicating a player collects $200 if they
    pass Go on the way there.

  • [29] In January 2017, Hasbro invited Internet users to vote on a new set of game pieces, with this new regular edition to be issued in March 2017.

  • Although the U.S. version is indicated as allowing eight players, the cash distribution shown above is not possible with all eight players since it requires 32 $100 bills
    and 40 $1 bills.

  • One existing token would also be dropped from the line-up.

  • [54] The standard British board, produced by Waddingtons, was for many years the version most familiar to people in countries in the Commonwealth, except Canada, where the
    US edition with Atlantic City-area names was reprinted.

  • Despite the updated Luxury Tax space, and the Income Tax space no longer using the 10% option, this edition uses paper Monopoly money, and not an electronic banking unit like
    the Here and Now World Edition.

  • [39] In cases where a national company produced the game, the $ (dollar) sign was replaced with the £ (pound), but the place names were unchanged.

  • In the game, players roll two dice to move around the game board, buying and trading properties and developing them with houses and hotels.

  • [31] Hasbro announced in March 2021 that it plans to update the Community Chest cards with ones that will be more socially aware, inviting fans of the game to vote on the
    new versions.

  • Initially, in December 1998, the game was sold in just a few W H Smith stores, but demand was high, with almost 50,000 games sold in the four weeks before Christmas.

  • There were also changes to the Chance and Community Chest cards; for example, the “poor tax”, “receive for services”, “Xmas fund matures”, and “grand opera opening” cards
    became “speeding fine”, “receive $25 consultancy fee”, “holiday fund matures”, and “it is your birthday”, respectively; though their effects remained the same; the player must pay only $50 instead of $150 for the school tax.

  • In 1998, a Hasbro advertising campaign asked the public to vote on a new playing piece to be added to the set.

  • The battleship and cannon were also used briefly in the Parker Brothers war game Conflict (released in 1940), but after the game failed on the market, the premade pieces were
    recycled for Monopoly usage.

  • [91] In January 2017, Hasbro placed the line of tokens in the regular edition with another vote which included a total of 64 options.

  • Players attempt to collect three complete sets of cards representing the properties from the original board game, either by playing them directly, stealing them from other
    players, swapping cards with other players, or collecting them as rent for other properties they already own.

  • [53] During World War II, the British Secret Service contacted Waddingtons, as the company could also print on silk, to make Monopoly sets that included escape maps, money,
    a compass and file, all hidden in copies of the game sent by fake POW relief charities to prisoners of war.

  • [24] After polling their Facebook followers, Hasbro Gaming took the top house rules and added them to a House Rule Edition released in the fall of 2014 and added them as optional
    rules in 2015.

  • [85] In 2013, a similar promotional campaign was launched encouraging the public to vote on one of several possible new tokens to replace an existing one.

  • [65] Monetary values are multiplied by 10,000 (e.g., one collects $2,000,000 instead of $200 for passing GO and pays that much for Income Tax (or 10% of their total, as this
    edition was launched prior to 2008), each player starts with $15,000,000 instead of $1,500, etc.).

  • Extra currency[edit] According to the Parker Brothers rules, Monopoly money is theoretically unlimited; if the bank runs out of money it may issue as much as needed “by merely
    writing on any ordinary paper”.

  • [21] Hasbro moved to create and license many other versions of Monopoly and sought public input in varying the game.

  • A standard set of Monopoly pieces includes: Cards[edit] A deck of thirty-two Chance and Community Chest cards (sixteen each) which players draw when they land on the corresponding
    squares of the track, and follow the instructions printed on them.

  • 1936–1970[edit] Parker Brothers began licensing the game for sale outside the United States in 1936.

  • [50] This call resulted in Waddingtons obtaining a license to produce and market the game outside the United States.

  • [39] 2014 US Monopoly box All the Chance and Community Chest cards received a graphic upgrade in 2008 as part of the graphic refresh of the game.

  • [43] Different versions have been created based on various current consumer interests such as: Dog-opoly,[44] Cat-opoly,[45] Bug-opoly,[46] and TV/movie games among others.

  • However, now with the new innovations of credit cards implemented in these games, many consumers are worried that this purpose of the game is ruined.

  • [61] Other streets from Atlantic City (eight, one per color group) were included, along with a third utility, the Gas Company.

  • When Parker Brothers first published Monopoly in 1935, the game did not include the less capitalistic taxation rule, resulting in a more aggressive game.

  • The cards in the 110-card deck represent properties and wild cards, various denominations of Monopoly money used to pay rent, and special action cards which can either be
    played for their effects or banked as money instead.

  • [34] Board The Monopoly game board consists of forty spaces containing twenty-eight properties—twenty-two streets (grouped into eight distinct color groups), four railroads,
    and two utilities—three Chance spaces, three Community Chest spaces, a Luxury Tax space, an Income Tax space, and the four corner squares: GO, (In) Jail/Just Visiting, Free Parking, and Go to Jail.

  • Instead of buying properties, players buy popular brands one by one and slide their billboards onto their Empire towers.

  • The number of tokens (and the tokens themselves) have changed over the history of the game with many appearing in special editions only, and some available with non-game purchases.

  • In 1998, Winning Moves procured the Monopoly license from Hasbro and created new UK city and regional editions[55] with sponsored squares.

  • [84] Tokens[edit] Classic[edit] Each player is represented by a small metal or plastic token that is moved around the edge of the board according to the roll of two six-sided
    dice.

  • [66] In 2015, in honor of the game’s 80th birthday, Hasbro held an online vote to determine which cities would make it into an updated version of Here and Now.

  • However, a similar edition of Monopoly, the Electronic Banking edition, does feature an electronic banking unit and bank cards, as well as a different set of tokens.

  • [80] Additional paper money can be bought at certain locations, notably game and hobby stores, or downloaded from various websites and printed and cut by hand.

  • [26] In February 2005, the company sued RADGames over their Super Add-On accessory board game that fit in the center of the board.

  • The original income tax choice from the 1930s US board is replaced by a flat rate on the UK board, and the $75 Luxury Tax space is replaced with the £100 Super Tax space,
    the same as the current German board.

  • [67] Hasbro released a World edition with the top voted cities from all around the world, as well as at least a Here and Now edition with the voted-on U.S.

  • Players receive a stipend every time they pass “Go” and can end up in jail, from which they cannot move until they have met one of three conditions.

  • Money[edit] Main article: Monopoly money Older U.S. standard editions of the game included a total of $15,140 in the following denominations: • 20 $500 bills (orange) • 20
    $100 bills (beige) • 30 $50 bills (blue) • 50 $20 bills (green) • 40 $10 bills (yellow) • 40 $5 bills (pink) • 40 $1 bills (white) Newer (September 2008 and later) U.S. editions provide a total of $20,580—30 of each denomination instead.

  • Winning Moves still produces new city and regional editions annually.

  • On an Event Space, rents may be raised or lowered, a player may earn or lose money, or someone could be sent to Jail.

  • [59] The popularity of this voting, in turn, led to the creation of similar websites, and secondary game-boards per popular vote to be created in the UK, Canada,[60] France,
    Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and other nations.

  • However, the amount of cash contained in the game is enough for eight players with a slight alteration of bill distribution.

  • In 2008, the US edition was changed to match the UK and various European editions, including a flat $200 Income Tax value and an increased $100 Luxury Tax amount.

  • Money can also be gained or lost through Chance and Community Chest cards and tax squares.

  • [42] UK version[edit] See also: List of London Monopoly places For other localized versions, see List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: Europe § United Kingdom.

  • • Two utilities, rent is four times the dice value if one utility is owned, but ten times if both are owned.

  • House rules, hundreds of different editions, many spin-offs, and related media exist.

  • [64] Also, the Chance and Community Chest cards are updated, the Railroads are replaced by Airports (Chicago O’Hare, Los Angeles International, New York City’s JFK, and Atlanta’s
    Hartsfield–Jackson), and the Utilities (Electric Company and Water Works) are replaced by Service Providers (Internet Service Provider and Cell Phone Service Provider).

  • • Twenty-two streets divided into eight color groups of two or three streets; a player must own all of a color group to build houses or hotels.

  • The cat took the top spot with 31% of the vote, while the iron proved to be the least-popular classic piece and was swapped out for the cat.

  • This vote would see the reintroduction of one previously retired token in exchange for an existing token.

  • [50] Waddingtons had sent the card game Lexicon to Parker Brothers hoping to interest it in publishing the game in the United States.

  • The board uses the traditional US layout; the cheapest properties are purple, not brown, and “Interest on Credit Card Debt” replaces “Luxury Tax”.

  • Originally the amount was $300 but was changed a year after the game’s debut,[38].

  • Properties include: • Four railroads, players collect $25 rent if they own one railroad; $50 for two; $100 for three; $200 for all four.

  • [17][18] With that law in place, Parker Brothers and its parent company, Hasbro, continue to hold valid trademarks for the game Monopoly.

  • [92] In April 2022, it was announced that a previously retired token would return to Monopoly sets.

  • [40] In the US versions shown below, the properties are named after locations in (or near) Atlantic City, New Jersey.

 

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Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/thenickster/7186509956/’]