coffee

 

  • Most African coffee is dried in this manner and certain coffee farms around the world are starting to use this traditional method.

  • [83] Climate change may significantly impact coffee yields during the 21st century, such as in Nicaragua and Ethiopia which could lose more than half of the farming land suitable
    for growing (Arabica) coffee.

  • A more effective process of growing coffee, used in Brazil, is to raise seedlings in nurseries that are then planted outside at six to twelve months.

  • The earliest credible evidence of the drinking of coffee in the form of the modern beverage appears in modern-day Yemen from the mid-15th century in Sufi shrines, where coffee
    seeds were first roasted and brewed in a manner similar to current methods.

  • Starting in the 1970s, many farmers switched their production method to sun cultivation, in which coffee is grown in rows under full sun with little or no forest canopy.

  • [9] Critics also point to the coffee industry’s negative impact on the environment and the clearing of land for coffee-growing and water use.

  • In this method, the pulped and fermented coffee is spread thinly on raised beds, which allows the air to pass on all sides of the coffee, and then the coffee is mixed by hand.

  • Coffee is often intercropped with food crops, such as corn, beans, or rice during the first few years of cultivation as farmers become familiar with its requirements.

  • [5] Though coffee is now a global commodity, it has a long history tied closely to food traditions around the Red Sea.

  • [57] Coffee leaf rust is found in virtually all countries that produce coffee.

  • [77][78] Coffee production use a large volume of water.

  • Each part of the coffee plant is assailed by different animals.

  • [71] While traditional coffee production causes berries to ripen more slowly and produce lower yields, the quality of the coffee is allegedly superior.

  • Production Main article: Coffee production Coffee production map In 2020, world production of green coffee beans was 175,647,000 60 kg bags, led by Brazil with 39% of the
    total (table).

  • In the 20th century, coffee became a much more global commodity, creating different coffee cultures around the world.

  • [2] However, no direct evidence that has been found earlier than the 15th century indicating who among the African populations used it as a stimulant, or where coffee was
    first cultivated.

  • After picking, green coffee is processed by one of two types of method—a dry process type of method which is often simpler and less labor-intensive, and a wet process type
    of method, which incorporates batch fermentation, uses larger amounts of water in the process, and often yields a milder coffee.

  • [2] It was here in Arabia that coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a similar way to how it is prepared now.

  • Though the United States was not the heaviest coffee-drinking nation at the time (Nordic countries, Belgium, and Netherlands all had comparable or higher levels of per capita
    consumption), due to its sheer size, it was already the largest consumer of coffee in the world by 1860, and, by 1920, around half of all coffee produced worldwide was consumed in the US.

  • During the Revolutionary War, the demand for coffee increased so much that dealers had to hoard their scarce supplies and raise prices dramatically; this was also due to the
    reduced availability of tea from British merchants,[26] and a general resolution among many Americans to avoid drinking tea following the 1773 Boston Tea Party.

  • This elaborate light meter uses a process known as spectroscopy to return a number that consistently indicates the roasted coffee’s relative degree of roast or flavor development.

  • For these reasons, about three-quarters of coffee cultivated worldwide is C.

  • [36] Coffee has become a vital cash crop for many developing countries.

  • Some companies use cylinders to pump in heated air to dry the coffee seeds, though this is generally in places where the humidity is very high.

  • [27] After the War of 1812, during which Britain temporarily cut off access to tea imports, the Americans’ taste for coffee grew.

  • [2] The story of Kaldi, the 9th-century Ethiopian goatherd who discovered the stimulating effect of coffee when he noticed how excited his goats became after eating the beans
    from a coffee plant, did not appear in writing until 1671 and is probably apocryphal.

  • [89][90][91] Processing Coffee berries and their seeds undergo several processes before they become the familiar roasted coffee.

  • In 1583, Leonhard Rauwolf, a German physician, gave this description of coffee after returning from a ten-year trip to the Near East: A beverage as black as ink, useful against
    numerous illnesses, particularly those of the stomach.

  • [53] Consequently, this species is used as an inexpensive substitute for arabica in many commercial coffee blends.

  • As of 2021, no synthetic coffee products are publicly available but multiple bioeconomy companies have reportedly produced first batches that are highly similar on the molecular
    level and are close to commercialization.

  • During the 18th century, coffee consumption declined in England, giving way to tea-drinking.

  • Over one hundred million people in developing countries have become dependent on coffee as their primary source of income.

  • [64] The 2-mm-long coffee borer beetle (Hypothenemus hampei) is the most damaging insect pest to the world’s coffee industry, destroying up to 50 percent or more of the coffee
    berries on plantations in most coffee-producing countries.

  • On average it takes about 140 liters (37 U.S. gal) of water to grow the coffee beans needed to produce one cup of coffee, producing 1 kg (2.2 lb) of roasted coffee in Africa,
    South America or Asia requires 26,400 liters (7,000 U.S. gal) of water.

  • [clarification needed][79] Coffee is often grown in countries where there is a water shortage, such as Ethiopia.

  • [51] Cultivation Further information: List of countries by coffee production Map showing areas of coffee cultivation: r: Coffea canephora m: Coffea canephora and Coffea arabica
    a: Coffea arabica The traditional method of planting coffee is to place 20 seeds in each hole at the beginning of the rainy season.

  • Mycena citricolor, commonly referred to as American Leaf Spot, is a fungus that can affect the whole coffee plant.

  • [36] Cultivation was taken up by many countries in Central America in the latter half of the 19th century, and almost all involved the large-scale displacement and exploitation
    of the indigenous people.

  • It is composed of water and the fruit from a bush called bunnu.

  • [45] Coffee plants grow within a defined area between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, termed the bean belt or coffee belt.

  • Coffee brewed from this process[94] is among the most expensive in the world, with bean prices reaching $160 per pound or $30 per brewed cup.

  • Named Strychnos electri, after the Greek word for amber (electron), the flowers represent the first-ever fossils of an asterid, which is a clade of flowering plants that not
    only later gave us coffee, but also sunflowers, peppers, potatoes, mint – and deadly poisons.

  • The Dutch East India Company was the first to import coffee on a large scale.

  • [99] One of these oils, caffeol, is created at about 200 °C (392 °F), which is largely responsible for coffee’s aroma and flavor.

  • [66] These taste characteristics are dependent not only on the coffee’s growing region, but also on genetic subspecies (varietals) and processing.

  • Coffee has, in many countries, been graded by size longer than it has been graded by quality.

  • [3] It is one of the most popular drinks in the world[4] and can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways (e.g., espresso, French press, caffè latte, or already-brewed
    canned coffee).

  • Each berry usually contains two seeds, but 5–10% of the berries[46] have only one; these are called peaberries.

  • The seeds are then roasted, a process which transforms them into a consumable product: roasted coffee, which is ground into fine particles that are typically steeped in hot
    water before being filtered out, producing a cup of coffee.

  • Meanwhile, coffee had been introduced to Brazil in 1727, although its cultivation did not gather momentum until independence in 1822.

  • [19][better source needed] A late 19th-century advertisement for coffee essence A 1919 advertisement for G Washington’s Coffee.

  • [25] When coffee reached North America during the Colonial period, it was initially not as successful as it had been in Europe, as alcoholic beverages remained more popular.

  • Good quality robusta beans are used in traditional Italian espresso blends to provide a full-bodied taste and a better foam head (known as crema).

  • [70] Unshaded coffee plants grown with fertilizer yield the most coffee, although unfertilized shaded crops generally yield more than unfertilized unshaded crops: the response
    to fertilizer is much greater in full sun.

  • [33] It made a brief come-back in 1949 when Haiti was the world’s 3rd largest coffee exporter, but declined rapidly after that.

  • [76] Shaded coffee cultivation systems show greater biodiversity than full-sun systems, and those more distant from continuous forest compare rather poorly to undisturbed
    native forest in terms of habitat value for some bird species.

  • From Ethiopia, coffee could have been introduced to Yemen via trade across the Red Sea.

  • [13] Accounts differ on the origin of the coffee plant prior to its appearance in Yemen.

  • [81] Some commercial coffee shops run initiatives to make better use of these grounds, including Starbucks’ “Grounds for your Garden” project,[82] and community sponsored
    initiatives such as “Ground to Ground”.

  • He tried roasting the seeds to improve the flavor, but they became hard.

  • Coffee has a number of classifications used to determine the participation of growers (or the supply chain) in various combinations of social, environmental, and economic
    standards.

  • Its consumers take it in the morning, quite frankly, in a porcelain cup that is passed around and from which each one drinks a cupful.

  • Branches infested with scale are often cut and left on the ground, which promotes scale parasites to not only attack the scale on the fallen branches but in the plant as well.

  • [93] An Asian coffee known as kopi luwak undergoes a peculiar process made from coffee berries eaten by the Asian palm civet, passing through its digestive tract, with the
    beans eventually harvested from feces.

  • [21] Roasting is the last step of processing the beans in their intact state.

  • Legendary accounts According to one legend, ancestors of today’s Oromo people in a region of Jimma in Ethiopia were the first to recognize the energizing effect of the coffee
    plant.

  • [42] Ecological effects Originally, coffee farming was done in the shade of trees that provided a habitat for many animals and insects.

  • As of 2018, Brazil was the leading grower of coffee beans, producing 35% of the world total.

  • From the coffee fruit, the seeds are separated to produce a stable, raw product: unroasted green coffee.

  • It is usually served hot, although chilled or iced coffee is common.

  • The actual roasting begins when the temperature inside the bean reaches approximately 200 °C (392 °F), though different varieties of seeds differ in moisture and density and
    therefore roast at different rates.

 

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