olympic games

 

  • As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, and organises and funds the Games according to the Olympic Charter.

  • Two years before the 2012 Games, the LOCOG chairman Lord Coe made the following statement about the Paralympics and Olympics in London:[54] We want to change public attitudes
    towards disability, celebrate the excellence of Paralympic sport and to enshrine from the very outset that the two Games are an integrated whole.

  • [105] In April 2018, Norwegian track and field athletics manager Håkon Lutdal argued for abolishing the Olympic Games, arguing against the concept of gathering many sports
    in a single town, city or region no matter how popular or unpopular those sports are there.

  • A winter sports week (it was actually 11 days) was held in 1924 in Chamonix, France, in connection with the Paris Games held three months later; this event became the first
    Winter Olympic Games.

  • [44] Changes and adaptations Main article: Summer Olympic Games Francis Field of Washington University in St. Louis during the 1904 Summer Olympics After the success of the
    1896 Games, the Olympics entered a period of stagnation which threatened its survival.

  • On the last day of the Congress, it was decided that the first Olympic Games to come under the auspices of the IOC would take place in Athens in 1896.

  • [47] Although it was intended that the same country host both the Winter and Summer Games in a given year, this idea was quickly abandoned.

  • [107] Commercialisation Under national organising committees The Olympic Games have been commercialised to various degrees since the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens,
    when a number of companies paid for advertising,[108] including Kodak.

  • Additionally, new term and age limits were put into place for IOC membership, and fifteen former Olympic athletes were added to the committee.

  • It has been widely written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished.

  • The IOC intended for subsequent Games to be rotated to various host cities around the world.

  • This feeling was shared by many of the athletes, who even demanded that Athens be the permanent Olympic host city.

  • [9][10][11] According to legend, it was Heracles who first called the Games “Olympic” and established the custom of holding them every four years.

  • Every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame.

  • Nevertheless, from sporting and business standpoints, the 2002 Olympics were one of the most successful Winter Games in history; records were set in both the broadcasting
    and marketing programs.

  • [43] Greek officials and the public were enthusiastic about the experience of hosting an Olympic Games.

  • [48] This tradition was upheld through the 1992 Games in Albertville, France; after that, beginning with the 1994 Games, the Winter Olympics were held every four years, two
    years after each Summer Olympics.

  • [68] Cost of the Games See also: Cost of the Olympic Games The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 found that, since 1960, sports-related costs for the Summer Games were on average
    US$5.2 billion and for the Winter Games $3.1 billion.

  • The Games also provide an opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world.

  • [80] Furthermore, at least four cities withdrew their bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics, citing the high costs or the lack of local support,[81] resulting in only a two-city
    race between Almaty, Kazakhstan and Beijing, China.

  • The 1906 Games were officially recognised by the IOC at the time (although not any longer), and no Intercalated Games have been held since.

  • [36] Coubertin built on the ideas and work of Brookes and Zappas with the aim of establishing internationally rotating Olympic Games that would occur every four years.

  • [83] International Olympic Committee The Olympic Movement encompasses a large number of national and international sporting organisations and federations, recognised media
    partners, as well as athletes, officials, judges, and every other person and institution that agrees to abide by the rules of the Olympic Charter.

  • [49] Paralympics Main article: Paralympic Games 1964 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo In 1948, Sir Ludwig Guttmann, determined to promote the rehabilitation of soldiers after World
    War II, organised a multi-sport event between several hospitals to coincide with the 1948 London Olympics.

  • The British Olympic Association, in its bid for the 2012 Olympic Games in London, mentioned these games as “the first stirrings of Britain’s Olympic beginnings”.

  • The IOC mandated that the Winter Games be celebrated every four years in the same year as their summer counterpart.

  • Thus in July 2016, The Guardian stated that the biggest threat to the future of the Olympics is that very few cities want to host them.

  • The 1984 Summer Olympics are often considered the most financially successful modern Olympics and a model for future Games.

  • [36] He presented these ideas during the first Olympic Congress of the newly created International Olympic Committee.

  • [2] The Olympic Games are normally held every four years, and since 1994, have alternated between the Summer and Winter Olympics every two years during the four-year period.

  • [61] 21st-century Games The Summer Olympics have grown from 241 participants representing 14 nations in 1896, to more than 11,200 competitors representing 207 nations in 2016.

  • [114] Under the leadership of Juan Antonio Samaranch the Games began to shift toward international sponsors who sought to link their products to the Olympic brand.

  • These Games attracted a broad international field of participants and generated a great deal of public interest, marking the beginning of a rise in both the popularity and
    the size of the Olympics.

  • Since then, the Paralympics have been held in every Olympic year and, starting with the 1988 Summer Games in Seoul, the host city for the Olympics has also played host to
    the Paralympics.

  • [82] Bidding for the 2024 Summer Olympics also became a two-city race between Paris and Los Angeles, so the IOC took the unusual step of simultaneously awarding both the 2024
    Games to Paris and the 2028 Games to Los Angeles.

  • The Olympic Games are considered the world’s foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating.

  • [94] In 1998, it was reported that several IOC members had taken gifts from members of the Salt Lake City bid committee for the hosting of the 2002 Winter Olympics.

  • Some of these adjustments include the creation of the Winter Olympic Games for snow and ice sports, the Paralympic Games for athletes with disabilities, the Youth Olympic
    Games for athletes aged 14 to 18, the five Continental games (Pan American, African, Asian, European, and Pacific), and the World Games for sports that are not contested in the Olympic Games.

  • The abuse of amateur rules by the Eastern Bloc nations prompted the IOC to shift away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to the acceptance of professional athletes
    participating at the Games.

  • [55][56] The first Summer Youth Games were held in Singapore from 14 to 26 August 2010, while the inaugural Winter Games were hosted in Innsbruck, Austria, two years later.

  • [59][60] The sports to be contested will coincide with those scheduled for the senior Games, however there will be variations on the sports including mixed NOC and mixed gender
    teams as well as a reduced number of disciplines and events.

  • [96] The 2002 Games were also a financial success, raising more money with fewer sponsors than any prior Olympic Games, leaving SLOC with a surplus of $40 million.

  • The modern Olympic Games or Olympics (French: Jeux olympiques)[a][1] are the leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which
    thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions.

  • At the 1921 Olympic Congress in Lausanne, it was decided to hold a winter version of the Olympic Games.

  • In 1960, Guttmann brought 400 athletes to Rome to compete in the “Parallel Olympics”, which ran in parallel with the Summer Olympics and came to be known as the first Paralympics.

  • [58] The IOC allows 3,500 athletes and 875 officials to participate at the Summer Youth Games, and 970 athletes and 580 officials at the Winter Youth Games.

  • Youth Games Main article: Youth Olympic Games In 2010, the Olympic Games were complemented by the Youth Games, which give athletes between the ages of 14 and 18 the chance
    to compete.

  • These accusations led to a wide-ranging investigation, and also served to sour many IOC members against Sion’s bid which potentially helped Turin to capture the host city
    nomination.

  • The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in several changes to the Olympic Games.

  • This excess revenue was used to create the Utah Athletic Foundation (also known as the Utah Olympic Legacy Foundation), which maintains and operates many of the surviving
    Olympic venues.

  • The Games brought together 14 nations and 241 athletes who competed in 43 events.

  • [111][112][113] Coca-Cola first sponsored the Summer Olympics in 1928, and has remained an Olympic sponsor ever since.

  • Instead, he argued for elevating the status of various world championships in different sports, usually at locations attracting more interested spectators.

  • [84] As the umbrella organisation of the Olympic Movement, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) is responsible for selecting the host city, overseeing the planning of
    the Olympic Games, updating and approving the Olympic sports programme, and negotiating sponsorship and broadcasting rights.

  • [64] The current version of the Olympic Charter allows for the establishment of new NOCs to represent nations that qualify as “an independent State recognised by the international
    community”.

  • [18] The Games were held every four years, and this period, known as an Olympiad, was used by Greeks as one of their units of time measurement.

  • The Olympic Games held at the Paris Exposition in 1900 and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis in 1904 failed to attract much participation or notice.

  • [96] It was reported in 1999 that the Nagano Olympic bid committee had spent approximately $14 million on entertaining the 62 IOC members and many of their associates.

  • [75] Conversely hosting (or even bidding for) the Olympics appears to increase the host country’s exports, as the host or candidate country sends a signal about trade openness
    when bidding to host the Games.

  • The IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games.

  • [45] The Games rebounded with the 1906 Intercalated Games (so-called because they were the second Olympics to take place within the third Olympiad), which were held in Athens.

  • [33] Zappas sponsored the first Olympic Games in 1859, which was held in an Athens city square.

  • [22] L’Olympiade de la République, a national Olympic festival held annually from 1796 to 1798 in Revolutionary France also attempted to emulate the ancient Olympic Games.

  • Ancient Olympics The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, Greece.

  • [50][c] The International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) signed an agreement in 2001 which guaranteed that host cities would be contracted
    to manage both the Olympic and Paralympic Games.

  • This positive effect begins in the years leading up to the Games and might persist for several years afterwards, although not permanently.

  • Average overrun for Games since 1960 is 156% in real terms,[73] which means that actual costs turned out to be on average 2.56 times the budget that was estimated at the time
    of winning the bid to host the Games.

  • [85] The Olympic Movement is made of three major elements: • International Federations (IFs) are the governing bodies that supervise a sport at an international level.

  • [79] But by December 2014, The Guardian stated that Sochi “now feels like a ghost town”, citing the spread-out nature of the stadiums and arenas, the still-unfinished construction,
    and the overall effects of Russia’s political and economic turmoil.

  • World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916, 1940, and 1944 Olympics; large-scale boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Olympics;[3] and
    the 2020 Olympics were postponed until 2021 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

 

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