• “[8] Born: David Henry Thoreau, July 12, 1817, Concord, Massachusetts, U.S.; Died: May 6, 1862 (aged 44), Concord, Massachusetts, U.S.; Alma mater: Harvard College; Era: 19th-century
  philosophy; Region: Western philosophy; School: Transcendentalism[1]; Main interests: Ethics, Poetry, religion, politics, biology, Philosophy, history; Notable ideas: Abolitionism, tax resistance, development criticism, civil disobedience,
  conscientious objection, direct action, Environmentalism, simple living Pronunciation of his name Amos Bronson Alcott and Thoreau’s aunt each wrote that “Thoreau” is pronounced like the word thorough but more precisely /ˈθɔːroʊ/ THOR-oh—in
  19th-century New England).

• I feel more like a citizen of the world at the sight of the palm-leaf which will cover so many flaxen New England heads the next summer[4] On the other hand, he wrote disparagingly
  of the factory system: I cannot believe that our factory system is the best mode by which men may get clothing.

• Return to Concord, 1837–1844[edit] The traditional professions open to college graduates—law, the church, business, medicine—did not interest Thoreau,[35]: 25  so in 1835
  he took a leave of absence from Harvard, during which he taught at a school in Canton, Massachusetts, living for two years at an earlier version of today’s Colonial Inn in Concord.

• For a few months in 1843, he moved to the home of William Emerson on Staten Island,[44] and tutored the family’s sons while seeking contacts among literary men and journalists
  in the city who might help publish his writings, including his future literary representative Horace Greeley.

• He also kept a series of notebooks, and these observations became the source of his late writings on natural history, such as “Autumnal Tints”, “The Succession of Trees”,
  and “Wild Apples”, an essay lamenting the destruction of the local wild apple species.

• He began to call himself Henry David after he finished college; he never petitioned to make a legal name change.

• Part memoir and part spiritual quest, Walden at first won few admirers, but later critics have regarded it as a classic American work that explores natural simplicity, harmony,
  and beauty as models for just social and cultural conditions.

• [2] A leading transcendentalist,[3] he is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay “Civil Disobedience” (originally
  published as “Resistance to Civil Government”), an argument in favor of citizen disobedience against an unjust state.

• [59] Over several years, as he worked to pay off his debts, he continuously revised the manuscript of what he eventually published as Walden, or Life in the Woods in 1854,
  recounting the two years, two months, and two days he had spent at Walden Pond.

• — Henry David Thoreau, “Where I Lived, and What I Lived For”, in Walden[49] Thoreau felt a need to concentrate and work more on his writing.

• [93] One scholar has suggested that he wrote the poem to Edmund because he could not bring himself to write it to Edmund’s sister Anna,[94] and another that Thoreau’s “emotional
  experiences with women are memorialized under a camouflage of masculine pronouns”,[95] but other scholars dismiss this.

• Thoreau’s speech proved persuasive: the abolitionist movement began to accept Brown as a martyr, and by the time of the American Civil War entire armies of the North were
  literally singing Brown’s praises.

• As a biographer of Brown put it, “If, as Alfred Kazin suggests, without John Brown there would have been no Civil War, we would add that without the Concord Transcendentalists,
  John Brown would have had little cultural impact.

• The condition of the operatives is becoming every day more like that of the English; and it cannot be wondered at, since, as far as I have heard or observed, the principal
  object is, not that mankind may be well and honestly clad, but, unquestionably, that the corporations may be enriched.

• “[4] American Philosophy: An Encyclopedia classes him as one of several figures who “took a more pantheist or pandeist approach by rejecting views of God as separate from
  the world”,[106] also a characteristic of Hinduism.

• [45]: 68  Thoreau returned to Concord and worked in his family’s pencil factory, which he would continue to do alongside his writing and other work for most of his adult life.

• [4] Thoreau also favored the protection of animals and wild areas, free trade, and taxation for schools and highways,[1] and espoused views that at least in part align with
  what is today known as bioregionalism.

• [4] He was also deeply interested in the idea of survival in the face of hostile elements, historical change, and natural decay; at the same time he advocated abandoning waste
  and illusion in order to discover life’s true essential needs.

• In this lecture, first presented to a cattle show in Concord, and considered his greatest contribution to ecology, Thoreau explained why one species of tree can grow in a
  place where a different tree did previously.

• When his aunt Louisa asked him in his last weeks if he had made his peace with God, Thoreau responded, “I did not know we had ever quarreled.

• [65][102] Although Thoreau believed resistance to unjustly exercised authority could be both violent (exemplified in his support for John Brown) and nonviolent (his own example
  of tax resistance displayed in Resistance to Civil Government), he regarded pacifist nonresistance as temptation to passivity,[103] writing: “Let not our Peace be proclaimed by the rust on our swords, or our inability to draw them from their
  scabbards; but let her at least have so much work on her hands as to keep those swords bright and sharp.

• I lay down the book and go to my well for water, and lo!

• Thoreau had taken up a version of Percy Shelley’s principle in the political poem “The Mask of Anarchy” (1819), which begins with the powerful images of the unjust forms of
  authority of his time and then imagines the stirrings of a radically new form of social action.

• According to legend, Thoreau refused to pay the five-dollar fee (approximately equivalent to $153 in 2023) for a Harvard master’s diploma, which he described thus: Harvard
  College offered it to graduates “who proved their physical worth by being alive three years after graduating, and their saving, earning, or inheriting quality or condition by having Five Dollars to give the college”.

• [63] It is as a result of this trip that he developed lectures that eventually became A Yankee in Canada.

• [4] In The Last Days of John Brown, Thoreau described the words and deeds of John Brown as noble and an example of heroism.

• Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe,—’That government is best which governs not at all;’ and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind
  of government which they will have….

• [55] Original title page of Walden, with an illustration from a drawing by Thoreau’s sister Sophia On July 24 or July 25, 1846, Thoreau ran into the local tax collector, Sam
  Staples, who asked him to pay six years of delinquent poll taxes.

• “[50] Thus, on July 4, 1845, Thoreau embarked on a two-year experiment in simple living, moving to a small house he had built on land owned by Emerson in a second growth forest
  around the shores of Walden Pond, having had a request to build a hut on Flints Pond, near that of his friend Charles Stearns Wheeler, denied by the landowners due to the Fairhaven Bay incident.

• [48] “Civil Disobedience” and the Walden years, 1845–1850[edit] Thoreau sites at Walden Pond I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential
  facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.

• [66][67] He became a land surveyor and continued to write increasingly detailed observations on the natural history of the town, covering an area of 26 square miles (67 square
  kilometers), in his journal, a two-million-word document he kept for 24 years.

• He was himself a highly skilled canoeist; Nathaniel Hawthorne, after a ride with him, noted that “Mr. Thoreau managed the boat so perfectly, either with two paddles or with
  one, that it seemed instinct with his own will, and to require no physical effort to guide it.

• [8] Echoing this belief, he went on to write: “There will never be a really free and enlightened State until the State comes to recognize the individual as a higher and independent
  power, from which all its power and authority are derived, and treats him accordingly.

• [11] Among modern-day American English speakers, it is perhaps more commonly pronounced—with stress on the second syllable.

• [17] Emerson, who was 14 years his senior, took a paternal and at times patron-like interest in Thoreau, advising the young man and introducing him to a circle of local writers
  and thinkers, including Ellery Channing, Margaret Fuller, Bronson Alcott, and Nathaniel Hawthorne and his son Julian Hawthorne, who was a boy at the time.

• Although he was hopeful that mankind could potentially have, through self-betterment, the kind of government which “governs not at all”, he distanced himself from contemporary
  “no-government men” (anarchists), writing: “I ask for, not at once no government, but at once a better government.

• Furthermore, in “The Pond in Winter”, he equates Walden Pond with the sacred Ganges river, writing: In the morning I bathe my intellect in the stupendous and cosmogonal philosophy
  of the Bhagvat Geeta since whose composition years of the gods have elapsed, and in comparison with which our modern world and its literature seem puny and trivial; and I doubt if that philosophy is not to be referred to a previous state of
  existence, so remote is its sublimity from our conceptions.

• The American poet Robert Frost wrote of Thoreau, “In one book … he surpasses everything we have had in America.

• On one hand he regarded commerce as “unexpectedly confident and serene, adventurous, and unwearied”[4] and expressed admiration for its associated cosmopolitanism, writing:
  I am refreshed and expanded when the freight train rattles past me, and I smell the stores which go dispensing their odors all the way from Long Wharf to Lake Champlain, reminding me of foreign parts, of coral reefs, and Indian oceans, and
  tropical climes, and the extent of the globe.

• [1] Two weeks after the ill-fated raid on Harpers Ferry and in the weeks leading up to Brown’s execution, Thoreau delivered a speech to the citizens of Concord, Massachusetts,
  in which he compared the American government to Pontius Pilate and likened Brown’s execution to the crucifixion of Jesus Christ: Some eighteen hundred years ago Christ was crucified; this morning, perchance, Captain Brown was hung.

• The book compresses that time into a single calendar year, using the passage of the four seasons to symbolize human development.

• Ignoring the recent rebellions, he argued that there would be no revolution in the St. Lawrence River valley.

• [43]: 244  At Emerson’s request, he immediately moved back to the Emerson house to help Emerson’s wife, Lidian, manage the household while her husband was on an extended trip
  to Europe.

• Recognizing the terminal nature of his disease, Thoreau spent his last years revising and editing his unpublished works, particularly The Maine Woods and Excursions, and petitioning
  publishers to print revised editions of A Week and Walden.

• Thoreau made profitable use of a graphite source found in New Hampshire that had been purchased in 1821 by his uncle, Charles Dunbar.

• “[60] The American author John Updike said of the book, “A century and a half after its publication, Walden has become such a totem of the back-to-nature, preservationist,
  anti-business, civil-disobedience mindset, and Thoreau so vivid a protester, so perfect a crank and hermit saint, that the book risks being as revered and unread as the Bible.

• I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was not life, to cut a broad swath and shave close,
  to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms, and, if it proved to be mean, why then to get the whole and genuine meanness of it, and publish its meanness to the world; or if it were sublime, to know it by experience, and
  be able to give a true account of it in my next excursion.

• [35]: 25  They introduced several progressive concepts, including nature walks and visits to local shops and businesses.

• Thoreau’s philosophy of civil disobedience later influenced the political thoughts and actions of notable figures such as Mahatma Gandhi, and Martin Luther King Jr.[5] Thoreau
  is sometimes referred to as an anarchist.

• They held that an ideal spiritual state transcends, or goes beyond, the physical and empirical, and that one achieves that insight via personal intuition rather than religious
  doctrine.

• In January and February 1848, he delivered lectures on “The Rights and Duties of the Individual in relation to Government”,[56] explaining his tax resistance at the Concord
  Lyceum.

• Whereas his own country had had its revolution, in Canada history had failed to turn.

• Among his famous aphorisms is his advice to “live at home like a traveler”.

• [64] In fact, this proved an opportunity to contrast American civic spirit and democratic values with a colony apparently ruled by illegitimate religious and military power.

• [75][76][77] His health declined, with brief periods of remission, and he eventually became bedridden.

• [65] Later years, 1851–1862[edit] Thoreau in 1854 In 1851, Thoreau became increasingly fascinated with natural history and narratives of travel and expedition.

• [6][7] In “Civil Disobedience”, Thoreau wrote: “I heartily accept the motto,—’That government is best which governs least;’ and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly
  and systematically.

• The next day Thoreau was freed when someone, likely to have been his aunt, paid the tax, against his wishes.

• With the rise of environmental history and ecocriticism as academic disciplines, several new readings of Thoreau began to emerge, showing him to have been both a philosopher
  and an analyst of ecological patterns in fields and woodlots.

• Reconstruction of the interior of Thoreau’s cabin Replica of Thoreau’s cabin and a statue of him near Walden Pond In August 1846, Thoreau briefly left Walden to make a trip
  to Mount Katahdin in Maine, a journey later recorded in “Ktaadn”, the first part of The Maine Woods.

• His philosophy required that he be a didactic arbitrator between the wilderness he based so much on and the spreading mass of humanity in North America.

• The features were quite marked: the nose aquiline or very Roman, like one of the portraits of Caesar (more like a beak, as was said); large overhanging brows above the deepest
  set blue eyes that could be seen, in certain lights, and in others gray,—eyes expressive of all shades of feeling, but never weak or near-sighted; the forehead not unusually broad or high, full of concentrated energy and purpose; the mouth
  with prominent lips, pursed up with meaning and thought when silent, and giving out when open with the most varied and unusual instructive sayings.

• “[78] Grave of Thoreau at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Concord Geodetic Marker at Thoreau’s gravesite Aware he was dying, Thoreau’s last words were “Now comes good sailing”,
  followed by two lone words, “moose” and “Indian”.

• “[8] It is on this basis that Thoreau could so strongly inveigh against the British administration and Catholicism in A Yankee in Canada.

• For example, in the first chapter (“Economy”), he writes: “How much more admirable the Bhagvat-Geeta than all the ruins of the East!

• [58] At Walden Pond, Thoreau completed a first draft of A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, an elegy to his brother John, describing their trip to the White Mountains
  in 1839.

• Life Early life and education, 1817–1837[edit] Thoreau’s birthplace, the Wheeler-Minot Farmhouse in Concord, Massachusetts Henry David Thoreau was born David Henry Thoreau[16]
  in Concord, Massachusetts, into the “modest New England family”[17] of John Thoreau, a pencil maker, and Cynthia Dunbar.

• [72] Astonishing amounts of reading fed his endless curiosity about the peoples, cultures, religions and natural history of the world and left its traces as commentaries in
  his voluminous journals.

• “[85] Thoreau’s famous quotation, near his cabin site at Walden Pond Thoreau neither rejected civilization nor fully embraced wilderness.

• Bronson Alcott attended the lecture, writing in his journal on January 26: Heard Thoreau’s lecture before the Lyceum on the relation of the individual to the State—an admirable
  statement of the rights of the individual to self-government, and an attentive audience.

• Among his lasting contributions are his writings on natural history and philosophy, in which he anticipated the methods and findings of ecology and environmental history,
  two sources of modern-day environmentalism.

• [88] Thoreau’s sexuality has long been the subject of speculation, including by his contemporaries.

 

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