• [9] The philosopher Al-Farabi (872–950) had great influence on science and philosophy for several centuries, and in his time was widely thought second only to Aristotle in
  knowledge (alluded to by his title of “the Second Teacher”).

• Western Europe[edit] See also: Scholasticism and Thomism Aristotle, holding his Ethics (detail from The School of Athens) Although some knowledge of Aristotle seems to have
  lingered on in the ecclesiastical centres of western Europe after the fall of the Roman empire, by the ninth century, nearly all that was known of Aristotle consisted of Boethius’s commentaries on the Organon, and a few abridgments made by
  Latin authors of the declining empire, Isidore of Seville and Martianus Capella.

• Still, the Neoplatonists sought to incorporate Aristotle’s philosophy within their own system and produced many commentaries on Aristotle.

• [13] Although his writings had an only marginal impact in Islamic countries, his works would eventually have a huge impact in the Latin West,[13] and would lead to the school
  of thought known as Averroism.

• Although some of Aristotle’s logical works were known to western Europe, it was not until the Latin translations of the 12th century and the rise of scholasticism that the
  works of Aristotle and his Arabic commentators became widely available.

• [26] In this, they follow Heidegger’s critique of Aristotle as the greatest source of the entire tradition of Western philosophy.

• [24] Thomas was emphatically Aristotelian, he adopted Aristotle’s analysis of physical objects, his view of place, time and motion, his proof of the prime mover, his cosmology,
  his account of sense perception and intellectual knowledge, and even parts of his moral philosophy.

• [citation needed] Although this project was criticized by Trendelenburg and Brentano as un-Aristotelian,[citation needed] Hegel’s influence is now often said to be responsible
  for an important Aristotelian influence upon Marx.

• [24] The philosophical school that arose as a legacy of the work of Thomas Aquinas was known as Thomism, and was especially influential among the Dominicans, and later, the
  Jesuits.

• [2] However, the range of subjects covered by the Aristotelian commentaries produced in the two decades after 1118 is much greater due to the initiative of the princess Anna
  Comnena who commissioned a number of scholars to write commentaries on previously neglected works of Aristotle.

• [citation needed] From this viewpoint, the early modern tradition of political republicanism, which views the res publica, public sphere or state as constituted by its citizens’
  virtuous activity, can appear thoroughly Aristotelian.

• From this viewpoint, the early modern tradition of political republicanism, which views the res publica, public sphere or state as constituted by its citizens’ virtuous activity,
  can appear thoroughly Aristotelian.

• James of Venice, who probably spent some years in Constantinople, translated Aristotle’s Posterior Analytics from Greek into Latin in the mid-twelfth century,[15] thus making
  the complete Aristotelian logical corpus, the Organon, available in Latin for the first time.

• Many copies of Aristotle in Latin then in circulation were assumed to have been influenced by Averroes, who was suspected of being a source of philosophical and theological
  errors found in the earlier translations of Aristotle.

• However, this project was criticized by Trendelenburg and Brentano as non-Aristotelian, Hegel’s influence is now often said to be responsible for an important Aristotelian
  influence upon Marx.

• in ethics or in ontology) may not have much in common as far as their actual content is concerned besides their shared reference to Aristotle.

• [14] In the first of these, in Paris in 1210, it was stated that “neither the books of Aristotle on natural philosophy or their commentaries are to be read at Paris in public
  or secret, and this we forbid under penalty of ex-communication.

• Therefore, on MacIntyre’s account, Aristotelianism is not identical with Western philosophy as a whole; rather, it is “the best theory so far, [including] the best theory
  so far about what makes a particular theory the best one.

• In Aristotle’s time, philosophy included natural philosophy, which preceded the advent of modern science during the Scientific Revolution.

• Such claims were without merit, however, as the Alexandrian Aristotelianism of Averroes followed “the strict study of the text of Aristotle, which was introduced by Avicenna,
  [because] a large amount of traditional Neoplatonism was incorporated with the body of traditional Aristotelianism”.

• The works of Aristotle were initially defended by the members of the Peripatetic school and later on by the Neoplatonists, who produced many commentaries on Aristotle’s writings.

• This was an important factor in the introduction and popularization of Greek philosophy in the Muslim intellectual world.

• [dubious – discuss][27] Some recent Aristotelian ethical and ‘practical’ philosophy, such as that of Gadamer and McDowell, is often premised upon a rejection of Aristotelianism’s
  traditional metaphysical or theoretical philosophy.

• [8] In the 9th century, Persian astrologer Albumasarl’s Introductorium in Astronomiam was one of the most important sources for the recovery of Aristotle for medieval European
  scholars.

• This immanence can be conceived in terms of the theory of hylomorphism by seeing objects as composed of a universal form and the matter shaped by it.

• From central Spain, which had returned to Christian rule in the eleventh century, scholars produced many of the Latin translations of the 12th century.

• Armstrong is an immanent realist in the sense that he holds that a universal exists only insofar as it is a constituent of at least one actual state of affairs.

• Modern era[edit] After retreating under criticism from modern natural philosophers, the distinctively Aristotelian idea of teleology was transmitted through Wolff and Kant
  to Hegel, who applied it to history as a totality.

• [11] The school of thought he founded became known as Avicennism, which was built on ingredients and conceptual building blocks that are largely Aristotelian and Neoplatonist.

• In the Islamic Golden Age, Avicenna and Averroes translated the works of Aristotle into Arabic and under them, along with philosophers such as Al-Kindi and Al-Farabi, Aristotelianism
  became a major part of early Islamic philosophy.

• [2] Islamic world[edit] See also: Averroism and Avicennism A medieval Arabic representation of Aristotle teaching a student.

• Recent Aristotelian ethical and “practical” philosophy, such as that of Gadamer and McDowell, is often premissed upon a rejection of Aristotelianism’s traditional metaphysical
  or theoretical philosophy.

• History Ancient Greek[edit] Main article: Peripatetic school The original followers of Aristotle were the members of the Peripatetic school.

• [21] Albertus Magnus (c. 1200–1280) was among the first medieval scholars to apply Aristotle’s philosophy to Christian thought.

• [37] Taking a realist approach to universals also allows an Aristotelian realist philosophy of mathematics, according to which mathematics is a science of properties that
  are instantiated in the real (including physical) world, such as quantitative and structural properties.

• After retreating under criticism from modern natural philosophers, the distinctively Aristotelian idea of teleology was transmitted through Wolff and Kant to Hegel, who applied
  it to history as a totality.

 

Works Cited

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2. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Ierodiakonou, Katerina; Bydén, Börje. “Byzantine Philosophy”. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
3. ^
Wiet, Gaston. “Baghdad: Metropolis of the Abbasid Caliphate”. Retrieved 2010-04-16.
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5. ^
Lindberg, David C. The Beginnings of Western Science: Islamic Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago, 2007. Print.
6. ^ Manfred Landfester, Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider (eds.), Brill’s New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Classical
tradition, Volume 1, Brill, 2006, p. 273.
7. ^ Klein-Frank, F. Al-Kindi. In Leaman, O & Nasr, H (2001). History of Islamic Philosophy. London: Routledge. p 165
8. ^ Felix Klein-Frank (2001) Al-Kindi, pages 166–167. In Oliver Leaman & Hossein Nasr.
History of Islamic Philosophy. London: Routledge.
9. ^ Richard Lemay, Abu Ma’shar and Latin Aristotelianism in the Twelfth Century, The Recovery of Aristotle’s Natural Philosophy through Iranian Astrology, 1962.
10. ^ “Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (c.980–1037)”.
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
11. ^ “Avicenna (Abu Ali Sina)”. Sjsu.edu. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
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13. ^
Jump up to:a b Edward Grant, (1996), The foundations of modern science in the Middle Ages, page 30. Cambridge University Press
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science, and art, Volume 46. February 1859
15. ^ L.D. Reynolds and Nigel G. Wilson, Scribes and Scholars, Oxford, 1974, p. 106.
16. ^ C. H. Haskins, Renaissance of the Twelfth Century, p. 287. “more of Arabic science passed into Western Europe
at the hands of Gerard of Cremona than in any other way.”
17. ^ For a list of Gerard of Cremona’s translations see: Edward Grant (1974) A Source Book in Medieval Science, (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Pr.), pp. 35–8 or Charles Burnett, “The Coherence
of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century,” Science in Context, 14 (2001): at 249-288, at pp. 275–281.
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(BBKL) (in German). Vol. 5. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 1459–1461. ISBN 3-88309-043-3.
19. ^ Edward Grant, A Source Book in Medieval Science, page 42 (1974). Harvard University Press
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Muslims, and Jews Rediscovered Ancient Wisdom and Illuminated the Middle Ages, page 215 (2004). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
21. ^ Schmölders, Auguste (1859). “‘Essai sur les Ecoles Philosophiques chez les Arabes’ par Auguste Schmölders, (Paris 1842)”
[Essay on the Schools of Philosophy in Arabia] (full–text/pdf). In Telford, John; Barber, Benjamin Aquila; Watkinson, William Lonsdale; Davison, William Theophilus (eds.). The London Quarterly Review. Vol. 11. J.A. Sharp. p. 60. We have said already
that the most interesting and important of the Arabian schools is that which was the simple expression of Alexandrian Aristotelianism, the school of Avicenna and Averroes; or, as the Arabians themselves called it par excellence, that of the ‘philosophers.’
In no material point did they differ from their master, and, therefore, an exposition of their doctrines would be useless to those who know anything of the history of philosophy; but, before the strict study of the text of Aristotle, which was introduced
by Avicenna, a large amount of traditional Neo-Platonism was incorporated with the body of traditional Aristotelianism, so as to take them sometimes far astray from their master’s track.
22. ^ Jump up to:a b Führer, Markus. “Albert the Great”.
In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
23. ^ Henricus Bate, Helmut Boese, Carlos Steel, On Platonic Philosophy, Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1990, p. xvi.
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In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
25. ^ For example, George E. McCarthy (ed.), Marx and Aristotle: Nineteenth-Century German Social Theory and Classical Antiquity, Although many disagree Rowman & Littlefield, 1992.
26. ^
For example, Ted Sadler, Heidegger and Aristotle: The Question of Being, Athlone, 1996.
27. ^ For contrasting examples of this, see Hans-Georg Gadamer, The Idea of the Good in Platonic-Aristotelian Philosophy (trans. P. Christopher Smith), Yale
University Press, 1986, and Lloyd P. Gerson, Aristotle and Other Platonists, Cornell University Press, 2005.
28. ^ Adler 1985.
29. ^ Alasdair MacIntyre, ‘An Interview with Giovanna Borradori’, in Kelvin Knight (ed.), The MacIntyre Reader, Polity
Press / University of Notre Dame Press, 1998, p. 264.
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Oxford University Press, 1997.
32. ^ Rosalind Hursthouse, On Virtue Ethics, Oxford University Press, 1999.
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“Monism: The Priority of the Whole”. The Philosophical Review. 119 (1): 31–76. doi:10.1215/00318108-2009-025. ISSN 0031-8108.
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Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/randihausken/2476937534/’]